Advanced in situ characterization techniques for direct observation of gas‐involved electrochemical reactions

Gas-involved electrochemical reactions provide feasible solutions to the worldwide energy crisis and environmental pollution. It has been recognized that various elements of reaction system, including catalysts, intermediates, products, will undergo real-time variations during process, which are significant meaning in-depth understanding mechanisms, material structure, active sites. As judicious tools for monitoring changes in these complex elements, situ techniques have exposed spotlight recent years. This review aims highlight progress advanced characterization techniques, such as X-ray based technologies, spectrum scanning probe enhance our heterogeneous electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction, nitrogen hydrogen evolution reaction. We a summary advances development applications from working principle detection modes detailed different reactions, along with key questions need be addressed. Finally, view unique application limitation we conclude by putting forward some insights perspectives on direction emerging combinations future.